Exploring the Historical Background and Clinical Implications of Electrocardiogram in the Context of Chagas Disease Research

ABSTRACT Chagas disease (CD) remains one of the most significant endemic diseases in Latin America. Approximately 30% of individuals with CD develop the cardiac form, the main determinant of morbidity and mortality, which is characterized by typical electrocardiogram (ECG) changes caused by chronic chagasic cardiopathy (CCC). This review accentuates to how crucial it is for research teams and reference centers that treat patients with CD to standardize ECG in CCC. This was a non-systematic review of the literature. ECG is the most widely used examination in the diagnosis and evaluation of CCC, and it is also employed in epidemiological surveys, risk stratification for cardiovascular events and death, and monitoring the clinical progression of the disease. Carlos Chagas and Eurico Villela published the first work addressing CCC in 1922. Other works followed, including the study by Evandro Chagas' which was the first to perform ECG in CD, culminating in Francisco Laranja's seminal work in 1956. Since the 1980s, standardizations and ECG reading codes for CD have been established. This standardization aimed to code complex arrhythmias and characteristic ventricular conduction disorders and standardize ECG readings for clinical and epidemiological studies in CD. Nearly all existing electrocardiographic abnormalities can be found in CD, with a predominance of abnormalities in the formation and conduction of cardiac stimuli. The complex and heterogeneous substrate of CD with varied electrocardiographic manifestations poses a significant challenge when comparing studies involving patients with CCC, emphasizing the need for ECG standardization in CD.

Inspiratory Muscle Strength in Chagas Cardiomyopathy: A Systematic Scoping Review

ABSTRACT The increase in inflammatory markers associated with persistent chronic fibrosing myocarditis, a characteristic of chronic Chagas disease, can result in a reduction in inspiratory muscle strength (IMS) in Chagas cardiomyopathy (CC). However, literature in this field is still scarce. This review aimed to map and summarize the evidence regarding IMS in patients with CC. The inclusion criteria included reports with adult participants with a CC diagnosis, with or without heart failure (HF). The core concept examined was the maximum inspiratory pressure evaluated in the untrained and trained groups in the pre-training period. The context was open, including but not limited to hospitals and health centers. Two authors independently identified eligible studies and extracted the data. Descriptive synthesis was used as the primary strategy for analyzing the results. Nine studies (five clinical trials, three cross-sectional, and one cohort) were included. The CC classification differed among the studies, with no mention of HF in five and no CC staging specification in six. IMS was assessed using a manovacuometer, and only six studies analyzed and interpreted the data concerning the predicted values. The CC population with HF appeared to have impaired IMS. All studies involved only Brazilian volunteers. In conclusion, randomized clinical trials evaluating IMS and the effects of inspiratory muscle training need to be conducted to better understand the prevalence and risk of inspiratory muscle weakness in the CC population, as well as the effects of training. Such studies should be conducted at different stages of CC in different populations and countries.

Analysis of Three-Dimensional Scar Architecture and Conducting Channels by High-Resolution Contrast-Enhanced Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Chagas Heart Disease

ABSTRACT Background: We aimed to describe the morphology of the border zone of viable myocardium surrounded by scarring in patients with Chagas heart disease and study their association with clinical events. Methods: Adult patients with Chagas heart disease (n=22; 55% females; 65.5 years, SD 10.1) were included. Patients underwent high-resolution contrast-enhanced cardiac magnetic resonance using myocardial delayed enhancement with postprocessing analysis to identify the core scar area and border zone channels number, mass, and length. The association between border zone channel parameters and the combined end-point (cardiovascular mortality or internal cardiac defibrillator implantation) was tested by multivariable Cox proportional hazard regression analyses. The significance level was set at 0.05. Data are presented as the mean (standard deviation [SD]) or median (interquartile range). Results: A total of 44 border zone channels (1[1-3] per patient) were identified. The border zone channel mass per patient was 1.25 (0.48-4.39) g, and the extension in layers of the border zone channels per patient was 2.4 (1.0-4.25). Most border zone channels were identified in the midwall location. Six patients presented the studied end-point during a mean follow-up of 4.9 years (SD 1.6). Border zone channel extension in layers was associated with the studied end-point independent from left ventricular ejection fraction or fibrosis mass (HR=2.03; 95% CI 1.15-3.60). Conclusions: High-resolution contrast-enhanced cardiac magnetic resonance can identify border zone channels in patients with Chagas heart disease. Moreover, border zone channel extension was independently associated with clinical events.

Chagas disease mortality during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic: A Brazilian referral center experience

ABSTRACT Background We investigated the mortality rates of patients with Chagas disease (CD) during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and assessed the association between this mortality and CD clinical presentation and comorbidities. Methods: This was an observational retrospective study with clinical data retrieved from medical records. Results: Comorbidities were more prevalent among patients who died from COVID-19 than those who died from other causes. The proportion of patients according to CD clinical presentation was similar between the two groups. Conclusions: The prevalence of comorbidities seems to be related to a poorer prognosis in CD and COVID-19.

Fibrose Cardíaca e Mudanças Evolutivas na Função Ventricular Esquerda em Pacientes com Cardiopatia Chagásica Crônica / Cardiac Fibrosis and Changes in Left Ventricle Function in Patients with Chronic Chagas Heart Disease

Resumo Fundamento A cardiopatia chagásica (CC) é uma condição de progressão lenta, cujo principal achado histopatológico é fibrose. Objetivos Avaliar se a fibrose cardíaca aumenta ao longo do tempo e se correlaciona com aumento no tamanho do ventrículo esquerdo (CE) e redução na fração de ejeção (FE) na CC crônica. Métodos Estudo retrospectivo que incluiu 20 indivíduos (50% homens; 60±10 anos) com CC crônica que se submeteram a dois exames de ressonância magnética cardíaca (RMC) com realce tardio com gadolínio em um intervalo mínimo de quatro anos entre os exames. Volume, FE e massa de fibrose do ventrículo esquerdo (VE) foram determinados por RMC. Associações da massa de fibrose na primeira RMC com alterações no volume do VE e FE ventricular esquerda na segunda RMC foram testadas por análise de regressão logística. Valores p<0,05 foram considerados significativos. Resultados Os pacientes foram classificados em: A (n=13; alterações típicas de CC no eletrocardiograma e função sistólica global e segmentar do VE normal) e B1 (n=7; alteração na motilidade da parede do VE e FE ≥45%). O tempo médio entre os dois estudos de RMC foi de 5,4±0,5 anos. Fibrose do VE (em % massa do VE) aumentou de 12,6±7.9% para 18,0±14,1% entre os exames de RMC (p=0,02). A massa de fibrose cardíaca no basal associou-se com uma diminuição > cinco unidades absolutas na FE ventricular esquerda da primeira para a segunda RMC (OR 1,48; IC95% 1,03-2,13; p=0,03). A massa de fibrose do VE foi maior e aumentou entre os dois estudos de RMC no grupo de pacientes que apresentaram diminuição na FE entre os testes. Conclusões Mesmo pacientes em estágios iniciais da CC apresentam um aumento na fibrose do miocárdio ao longo do tempo, e a presença de fibrose do VE no basal está associada a uma diminuição da função sistólica do VE.

Abstract Background Chagas heart disease (CHD) is a slow progressing condition with fibrosis as the main histopathological finding. Objectives To study if cardiac fibrosis increases over time and correlates with increase in left ventricular (LV) size and reduction of ejection fraction (EF) in chronic CHD. Methods Retrospective study that included 20 individuals (50% men; 60±10 years) with chronic CHD who underwent two cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with late gadolinium enhancement with a minimum interval of four years between tests. LV volume, EF, and fibrosis mass were determined by cardiac MRI. Associations of fibrosis mass at the first cardiac MRI and changes in LV volume and EF at the second cardiac MRI were tested using logistic regression analysis. P values <0.05 were considered significant. Results Patients were classified as follows: A (n=13; changes typical of CHD in the electrocardiogram and normal global and segmental LV systolic function) and B1 (n=7; LV wall motion abnormality and EF≥45%). Mean time between cardiac MRI studies was 5.4±0.5 years. LV fibrosis (in %LV mass) increased from 12.6±7.9% to 18.0±14.1% between MRI studies (p=0.02). Cardiac fibrosis mass at baseline was associated with decrease in >5 absolute units in LV EF from the first to the second MRI (OR 1.48, 95% CI 1.03-2.13, p=0.03). LV fibrosis mass was larger and increased between MRI studies in the group that presented decrease in LV EF between the tests. Conclusions Even patients at an initial stage of CHD show an increase in myocardial fibrosis over time, and the presence of LV fibrosis at baseline is associated with a decrease in LV systolic function.

Indeterminate form of Chagas disease: historical, conceptual, clinical, and prognostic aspects

Abstract Chagas disease (CD) remains a serious endemic disease in Latin America and a major public health problem. Because of globalization, the disease has spread to non-endemic areas in the northern hemisphere. In the chronic phase of the disease, most patients present with the indeterminate form (IF), characterized by positive serology for Trypanosoma cruzi, absence of clinical findings, and normal findings in electrocardiogram (ECG). IF was not recognized as a clinical entity until decades after the discovery of the disease, and only in the 1940-50s, it was categorized as a form of CD, and its conceptual definition was ratified in the 1980s. Children, adolescents, and young adults with the IF benefit from etiological treatment and tend to have less progression to heart disease in the long term than the untreated ones. IF patients have an essentially benign clinical condition, and their prognosis can be compared to that of healthy individuals with normal ECG findings. Currently, because of aging, patients with the IF have comorbidities that require attention in health services.

Temporal changes in the clinical-epidemiological profile of patients with Chagas disease at a referral center in Brazil

Abstract INTRODUCTION We aimed to describe the sociodemographic, epidemiological, and clinical characteristics of patients with chronic Chagas disease (CD) at an infectious disease referral center. Changes in patient profiles over time were also evaluated. METHODS This retrospective study included patients with CD from November 1986-December 2019. All patients underwent an evaluation protocol that included sociodemographic profile; epidemiological history; anamnesis; and physical, cardiologic, and digestive examinations. Trend differences for each 5-year period from 1986 to 2019 were tested using a nonparametric trend test for continuous and generalized linear models with binomial distribution for categorical variables. RESULTS A total of 2,168 patients (52.2% women) were included, with a mean age of 47.8 years old. White patients with low levels of education predominated. The reported transmission mode was vectorial in 90.2% of cases. The majority came from areas with a high prevalence (52.2%) and morbidity (67.8%) of CD. The most common clinical presentation was the indeterminate form (44.9%). The number of patients referred gradually decreased and the age at admission increased during the study period, as did the patients' levels of education. CONCLUSIONS The clinical profile of CD is characterized by a predominance of the indeterminate form of the disease. Regarding the patients who were followed up at the referral center, there was a progressive increase in the mean age and a concomitant decrease in the number of new patients. This reflects the successful control of vector and transfusion transmission in Brazil as well as the aging population of patients with CD.

Evaluation of the Autonomic Nervous System in Chronic Chagasic Cardiopathy: A Systematic Review of the Literature

Abstract Background The importance of regional sympathetic denervation in the pathophysiology and prognosis of Chagas disease has been recognized. Objective To conduct a review of studies that have assessed dysautonomia in chronic Chagas heart disease. Methods The search was performed on the Medline, Pubmed, Lilacs and SciELO databases. The inclusion criteria were: original articles published in full; studies on individuals with Chagas disease, that used diagnostic methods for chagasic cardiomyopathy, and had clear inclusion and exclusion criteria. Duplicate studies, studies including children (0 to 10 years old), studies involving animals, in vitro experiments, case reports, editorials, theses, and dissertations were excluded. Results A total of 281 articles were retrieved, and 10 met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed. There was great heterogeneity as to the technique for assessing dysautonomia, groups of patients studied and classification of Chagas disease. The methods used for studying the autonomic system was immunohistochemistry (n=1), Valsalva and tilt-test (n=1), scintigraphy (n=6) and Holter monitoring (n=2). The results indicated dysautonomia in the indeterminate, digestive and cardiac forms of Chagas disease, and sympathetic denervation in the indeterminate and cardiac forms of the disease. There was agreement between areas of denervation, hypoperfusion and fibrosis, but areas of denervation were larger than those of hypoperfusion. The frequency of denervation and its extension increased from the indeterminate to the cardiac form. There was an association between extension of denervation and previous history of malignant ventricular arrhythmia. Conclusions The evidence presented in this review supports that an early diagnosis of autonomic denervation in chronic Chagas' disease allows the identification of patients with an increased risk of sudden death. Int J Cardiovasc Sci. 2020; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0

Preferências dos Pacientes após Estreitamento Coronário Recorrente: Experimentos de Escolha Discreta / Patients Preferences after Recurrent Coronary Narrowing: Discrete Choice Experiments

Resumo Fundamento: Selecionar a estratégia de tratamento ideal para a revascularização coronária é um desafio. Um desfecho crucial a ser considerado no momento dessa escolha é a necessidade de refazer a revascularização, uma vez que ela se torna muito mais frequente após a intervenção coronária percutânea (ICP) do que após a cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio (CRM). Objetivo: Pretende-se, com este estudo, trazer reflexões acerca das preferências dos pacientes pelas estratégias de revascularização sob a perspectiva de pacientes que tiveram que refazer a revascularização. Métodos: Selecionamos uma amostra de pacientes que haviam sido submetidos à ICP e hospitalizados para refazer a revascularização coronária e elicitamos suas preferências por nova ICP ou CRM. Morte perioperatória, mortalidade a longo prazo, infarto do miocárdio e repetir a revascularização foram utilizados para a construção de cenários a partir da descrição de tratamentos hipotéticos que foram rotulados como ICP ou CRM. A ICP era sempre apresentada como a opção com menor incidência de morte perioperatória e maior necessidade de se refazer o procedimento. O modelo logístico condicional foi empregado para analisar as escolhas dos pacientes, utilizando-se o software R. Valores de p <0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos. Resultados: Ao todo, 144 pacientes participaram, a maioria dos quais (73,7%) preferiram a CRM à ICP (p < 0,001). Os coeficientes de regressão foram estatisticamente significativos para o rótulo ICP, mortalidade a longo prazo da ICP, morte perioperatória da CRM, mortalidade a longo prazo da CRM e refazer a CRM. O rótulo ICP foi o parâmetro mais importante (p < 0,05). Conclusão: A maioria dos pacientes que enfrentam a necessidade de refazer a revascularização coronária rejeitam uma nova ICP, com base em níveis realistas de riscos e benefícios. Incorporar as preferências dos pacientes à estimativa do risco-benefício e às recomendações de tratamento poderia melhorar o cuidado centrado no paciente.

Abstract Background: Selecting the optimal treatment strategy for coronary revascularization is challenging. A crucial endpoint to be considered when making this choice is the necessity to repeat revascularization since it is much more frequent after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) than after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Objective: This study intends to provide insights on patients' preferences for revascularization, strategies in the perspective of patients who had to repeat revascularization. Methods: We selected a sample of patients who had undergone PCI and were hospitalized to repeat coronary revascularization and elicited their preferences for a new PCI or CABG. Perioperative death, long-term death, myocardial infarction, and repeat revascularization were used to design scenarios describing hypothetical treatments that were labeled as PCI or CABG. PCI was always presented as the option with lower perioperative death risk and a higher necessity to repeat procedure. A conditional logit model was used to analyze patients' choices using R software. A p value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: A total of 144 patients participated, most of them (73.7%) preferred CABG over PCI (p < 0.001). The regression coefficients were statistically significant for PCI label, PCI long-term death, CABG perioperative death, CABG long-term death and repeat CABG. The PCI label was the most important parameter (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Most patients who face the necessity to repeat coronary revascularization reject a new PCI, considering realistic levels of risks and benefits. Incorporating patients' preferences into benefit-risk calculation and treatment recommendations could enhance patient-centered care.

Adverse drug events and the associated factors in patients with chronic Chagas disease

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Herein, we aimed to identify the factors associated with adverse drug events (ADEs) in chronic Chagas disease (CD) patients. METHODS: We analyzed 320 medical notes from 295 patients. The Naranjo algorithm was applied to determine the cause of ADEs. Mixed effects logistic regression was performed to evaluate the factors associated with ADEs. RESULTS: ADEs were described in 102 medical notes (31.9%). Captopril was most frequently associated with ADEs. Age (RR 0.96; 95%CI 0.94-0.99) and cardiac C/D stages (RR 3.24; 95%CI 1.30-4.58) were the most important clinical factors associated with ADEs. CONCLUSIONS: Close follow-up is warranted for CD patients.

Agreement between upper endoscopy and esophagography in the diagnosis of megaesophagus in Chagas disease

Abstract INTRODUCTION The diagnosis and classification of megaesophagus can be challenging in patients with Chagas disease. The present study aimed to evaluate the agreement between upper endoscopies and esophagographies for the diagnosis and classification of megaesophagus in Chagas disease. METHODS: A cross-sectional study of 50 patients with Chagas disease with upper digestive symptoms was undertaken. Esophagography and upper endoscopy exams were performed to compare diagnoses. Statistical analysis included sensitivity and specificity used to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of upper endoscopies, and measures of agreement: linearly weighted Kappa (κw) and Cohen`s classical Kappa (κ) coefficients with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). RESULTS: Twenty-three patients (46%) were diagnosed with megaesophagus by esophagography. The upper endoscopy sensitivity and specificity for megaesophagus diagnosis were 100% and 33.3%, respectively. Regarding megaesophagus classifications, there was a substantial agreement between the two exams (κw = 0.622; 95% CI: 0.498 to 0.746). Within megaesophagus groups, agreement for group I was slight (κ = 0.096; 95% CI: 0.000 to 0.403); for group II, substantial (κ = 0.703; 95% CI: 0.456 to 0.950); and for groups III and IV, inconclusive (κ = 0.457; 95% CI: 0.000 to 0.967; κ = 0.540; 95% CI: 0.035 to 1.000, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Upper endoscopy has a high sensitivity, but a low specificity to diagnose megaesophagus. Agreement between the two exams varies depending on the megaesophagus grade. Thus, upper endoscopy can be used in the diagnostic workup of a possible Chagas disease megaesophagus, but all identified cases should undergo esophagography.

Cardiac rehabilitation program in patients with Chagas heart failure: a single-arm pilot study

Abstract: INTRODUCTION: The benefit of a cardiac rehabilitation (CR) program for patients with Chagas heart failure (CHF) remains unclear. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the effects of CR for CHF patients. METHODS: A single-arm pilot study, including 12 patients with CHF, was performed. Patients participated in an 8-month physical exercise intervention, comprising aerobic, strength, and stretching exercises (3 times per week, 60 minutes per session). Nutritional and pharmaceutical counseling were also performed. Functional capacity (cardiopulmonary exercise test), muscle respiratory strength (manovacuometry), and body composition (anthropometry and skinfolds) were evaluated at baseline, and after 4 and 8 months of intervention. Cardiac function (echocardiography), biomarkers (lipid profile, glucose, and glycated hemoglobin) and quality of life (Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire) were assessed at baseline and at the end of the intervention. RESULTS: Seven of 12 patients included in the study completed the 8-month follow-up period. Only 2 moderate adverse events occurred during the exercise training. Functional capacity improved after 4 months of CR, while left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and respiratory strength improved after 8 months. Patients with right ventricular (RV) dysfunction at baseline exhibited an improvement in functional capacity after 4 months, and improvements in left ventricular (LV) diastolic pressure, respiratory strength, and quality of life at the end of follow-up. Conversely, those with normal baseline RV function demonstrated LVEF increases that were not observed in patients with RV dysfunction. CONCLUSIONS: CR was feasible, safe, and has important clinical benefits for patients with CHF, specifically for cardiac function and muscle respiratory strength.

First report of acute Chagas disease by vector transmission in Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil / Primeiro relato de doença de Chagas aguda por transmissão vetorial no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

SUMMARYChagas disease (CD) is an endemic anthropozoonosis from Latin America of which the main means of transmission is the contact of skin lesions or mucosa with the feces of triatomine bugs infected by Trypanosoma cruzi. In this article, we describe the first acute CD case acquired by vector transmission in the Rio de Janeiro State and confirmed by parasitological, serological and PCR tests. The patient presented acute cardiomyopathy and pericardial effusion without cardiac tamponade. Together with fever and malaise, a 3 cm wide erythematous, non-pruritic, papule compatible with a "chagoma" was found on his left wrist. This case report draws attention to the possible transmission of CD by non-domiciled native vectors in non-endemic areas. Therefore, acute CD should be included in the diagnostic workout of febrile diseases and acute myopericarditis in Rio de Janeiro.

RESUMOA doença de Chagas é antropozoonose endêmica na América Latina que tem como principal mecanismo de transmissão humana o contato da pele lesada ou da mucosa com as fezes de triatomíneos infectados por Trypanosoma cruzi. Neste artigo descrevemos o primeiro caso de doença de Chagas aguda adquirida no Estado do Rio de Janeiro por transmissão vetorial com confirmação parasitológica, sorológica e pela PCR. O paciente apresentou miocardite aguda e derrame pericárdico de evolução benigna. Juntamente com as manifestações sistêmicas da fase aguda, foi notada pápula eritematosa de três cm de diâmetro compatível com chagoma em punho esquerdo. Este relato de caso chama a atenção para a possibilidade de transmissão da doença de Chagas por vetores nativos não domiciliados e em áreas consideradas indenes. Portanto, a doença de Chagas aguda deve ser incluída entre os diagnósticos diferenciais de doenças febris e miopericardites agudas no Rio de Janeiro.

Torção do ventrículo esquerdo é reduzido e sua dinâmica alterada em estágios avançados da forma cardíaca da doença de Chagas / Decreased left ventricular torsion with distorted dynamics at advanced stages of Chagas'heart disease

Fundamentos: A expressão mais grave da doença de Chagas é a insuficiência cardíaca (IC). A torção do ventrículo esquerdo (VE) é reduzida na IC de outras etiologias e pode ser importante para avaliação do desempenho cardíaco na doença de Chagas. Objetivo: Avaliar a torção do VE em diferentes estágios dadoença de Chagas. Métodos: Foi realizado estudo longitudinal entre março e outubro de 2010 avaliando ecocardiogramas de 17 controles e 139 pacientes sendo 44 da forma indeterminada (sem cardiopatia aparente), 27 pacientes no estágio A da forma cardíaca (alterações limitadas ao eletrocardiograma), 31 no estágio B (sem clínica de IC com alteração da função sistólica global ou segmentar do VE), 26 no estágio C (IC compensável) e 11 no estágio D (IC refratária).Resultados: A torção do VE foi similar entre controles (12,7±3,9º), indeterminados (11,7±5,5º) e pacientes no estágio A (9,9±4,6º), mas foi progressivamente menor nospacientes do estágio B ao D (B:8,6±6,3º; C:4,7±4,1º; D:0,1±3,1º;p<0,0001). Enquanto os controles apresentaram padrão normal de torção do VE com rotação apical anti-horária erotação basal no sentido horário, o padrão de torção foi anormal em 15 dos pacientes indeterminados e noestágio A; 37 dos pacientes no estágio B; 35 dos pacientes no estágio C; e 82 dos pacientes no estágio D.Conclusões: A torção do VE é reduzida e sua dinâmica progressivamente mais alterada conforme a doença de Chagas atinge estágios mais avançados de acometimento cardíaco. A contribuição desses eventos para o prognósticoda doença de Chagas ainda deve ser estabelecida.

Gordura epicárdica medida ao ecocardiograma correlaciona-se com ateromatose carotídea / Epicardial fat measured by echocardiography correlates to carotid atheromatosis

Fundamento: A presença de placas carotídeas é um marcador de doença cardiovascular já estabelecido. A medida da gordura epicárdica é um novo método de avaliação da gordura visceral. A relação entre o diâmetro da gordura epicárdica com o risco cardiovascular está sendo investigada, Objetivo: Avaliar a correlação entre a espessura da gordura epicárdica, medida pelo ecocardiograma, e ateromatose das artérias carótidas, Métodos: Foram avaliados 311 pacientes consecutivos, encaminhados para a realização de ecocardiograma ou ultrassonografia carotídea, com indicações clínicas comuns. A espessura da gordura epicárdica, na parede livre do ventrículo direito, foi avaliada com o ecocardiograma e o seu diâmetro, correlacionado com a presença ou não de ateromatose das artérias carótidas. Resultados: Os pacientes (45 por cento homens) tinham idade média de 56 +- 17 anos. A espessura média de gordura epicárdica foi de 5,4 +- 2,6mm. A espessura da gordura epicárdica foi, significativamente, maior nos pacientes com ateromatose das artérias carótidas (7,0 +- 2,2, n=141 vs. 4,7 +-2,5,n=166,p<0,001). A espessura da gordura epicárdica foi maior nos pacientes com hipertensão, diabetes mellitus, doença coronariana ou dislipidemia. Após regressão múltipla...

Doppler tecidual como índice prognóstico em longo prazo na disfunção sistólica do ventrículo esquerdo / Tissue doppler imaging as a long-term prognostic index in left ventricular systolic dysfunction

FUNDAMENTO: Parâmetros derivados do Doppler tecidual correlacionam-se com a pressão diastólica final do ventrículo esquerdo (VE) e podem servir como índice prognóstico na insuficiência cardíaca. OBJETIVO: Determinar se parâmetros do Doppler tecidual podem predizer eventos em longo prazo em pacientes ambulatoriais com disfunção sistólica do VE. MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo envolvendo 73 pacientes (60,9±12,1 anos) que realizaram ecocardiograma Doppler entre março de 2001 e maio de 2004. O evento primário pesquisado foi morte ou hospitalização por piora da insuficiência cardíaca. RESULTADOS: O período de seguimento médio foi de 1.367±665 dias. Após análise logística multivariada "stepwise" incluindo os parâmetros ecocardiográficos, a razão entre as velocidades máximas de enchimento do VE e miocárdica no início da diástole (razão E/E'; p=0,0007) e a fração de ejeção do VE (FE; p=0,01) permaneceram como preditores do evento primário. Os pontos de corte ótimos para a previsão do evento primário para a razão E/E' (AUC 0,77; p=0,0001) e FE (AUC 0,68; p=0,006) foram, respectivamente, 12,7 por cento e 30 por cento. Assim, pacientes com razão E/E' > 12,7 (razão de risco=3,8, p=0,001) ou FE <30 por cento (razão de risco=2,3, p=0,03) demonstravam pior prognóstico pela análise da curva de sobrevida. Importante salientar que 47 por cento dos pacientes com FE acima do ponto de corte, mas razão E/E' elevada, apresentaram eventos durante o período estudado. CONCLUSÃO: Em pacientes ambulatoriais com disfunção sistólica do VE, a razão E/E' é um importante e independente indicador prognóstico em longo prazo de morte ou hospitalização. Portanto, recomenda-se incluir a medida dessa variável na avaliação rotineira desses pacientes.

BACKGROUND: Tissue Doppler parameters correlate with left ventricular (LV) filling pressure and can be useful as prognostic indexes for patients with heart failure. OBJECTIVE: Determine whether tissue Doppler parameters can predict events during long term follow-up of outpatients with LV systolic dysfunction. MeTHODS: Retrospective study with 73 patients (aged 60.9±12.1 years) who underwent Doppler echocardiogram between March 2001 and May 2004. The primary endpoint studied was death or hospitalization due to heart failure worsening. RESULTS: The mean follow-up period was 1,367±665 days. After logistic stepwise multivariate analysis, including echocardiographic parameters, the ratio of maximal early diastolic filling wave velocity to maximal early diastolic myocardial velocity (E/E` ratio; p=0.0007), and LV ejection fraction (EF; p=0.01) remained significant predictors of the primary outcome. The optimal cutoffs for primary endpoint prediction for E/E' ratio (AUC 0.77; p=0.0001) and EF (AUC 0.68, p=0.006) were respectively 12.7 and 30 percent. Accordingly, patients with E/E' ratio > 12.7 (hazard ratio=3.8, p =0.001) or EF <30 percent (hazard ratio=2.3, p=0.03) had a poorer outcome by survival curve analysis. It is noteworthy that 47 percent of the patients with EF above the optimal cutoff point, but with high E/E' ratio, presented events during follow-up. CONCLUSION: E/E' ratio is an important independent long-term prognostic index of death or hospitalization due to worsening heart failure in outpatients with LV systolic dysfunction. Therefore, we recommend the measurement of this variable in the routine evaluation of such patients.

Deficiência da óxido nítrico sintase neuronal eleva mortalidade e acentua o remodelamento cardíaco após infarto do miocárdio: papel do equilíbrio entre o estresse nitrosativo e oxidativo / Neuronal nitric oxide synthase deficiency increases mortality and worsens cardiac remodeling pos-myocardial infarction: role of the nitroso-redox equilibrium

Fundamentos: A óxido nítrico sintetase neuronal (NOS 1) é importante na regulação do acoplamento excitação-contração e exerce papel anti-oxidante que mantém o equilíbrio entre a produção de NO e superóxido. Neste estudo foi testado o efeito da ausência do funcionamento normal da NOSl sobre o infarto do miocárdio (IM). Métodos: lnfarto do miocárdio foi provocado cirurgicamente em camundongos selvagens (S; C57bl/6) e deficientes de NOS1 (NOS r/-). A evolução do pós-operatório foi acompanhada para se determinar a sobrevida, as alterações da arquitetura ventricular (ecocardiografia e histologia), da função ventricular (ecocardiografia e por hemodinâmica invasiva), do estresse oxidativo (microtopografia fluorescente oxidativa, atividades da xantina oxidoredutase [XOR] e da NADPH oxidase), da produção de NO, e da expressão protéica e gênica da XOR, das subunidades da NADPH oxidase, e da NOS endotelial (NOS3). Resultados: A mortalidade ao final de 60 dias foi maior no grupo NOSr/- (risco relativo 2,06; 1-'=0,036). Após o 1M, o grupo NOSr/-apresentou pior função ventricular com menor fração de encurtamento ao eco (19,7::1:: 1,5 por cento vs 27,2::1:: 1,5 por cento nos S, P<0,05), e pior remodelamento cardíaco com maior diâmetro do VE ao [mal da diástole (5,5 ::I:: 0,2 vs 4,9::1:: 0,1 mm nos S, P<0,05) e da sístole (4,4::1:: 0,2 vs 3,6::1:: 0,1 mm), e maior hipertrofia cardíaca (diâmetro transverso dos miócitos remanescentes = 14,9::1:: 0,5 vs 12,8::1:: 0,5 Jlm nos S, P